World War II Essay Example for Free

World War II EssayThis historical event would perhaps be considered as the event where the position of the United States as a global power laid its foundation. The most prominent incident in which the United States became known for during this term was the development of atomic bomb and utilized this to bomb Japans two major cities. In developing these weapons during and after the indorse World War, the the Statesn economy somehow benefited from ammunition production.The entry of the United States in the Second World War was during the time when the country was slowly recovering from the Great Depression. The essential for weapons opened numerous factories for production. Most of the males were being deployed to serve in the military and for this reason women and African-Americans were given the work to fill the labor gap (Matthaei, 1996, p. 173). The production of weapons provided opportunities for America to prosper economically despite the war and the post-war era led the c ountry for set ahead economic growth.The Second World War hugely affected the alien policy of the United States. Before WWII, the U. S. maintained a regional affair working closely with other countries as more of a neutral nation. However, during the Second World War more specifically after the Pearl Harbor bombing it established its allies with the likes of Great Britain and France to fight against the Axis of Powers.This alliance would further position the U. S. as a global power most especially during the Cold War era. The U. S. ook a globalist stance in its foreign policy where the refinement of national security and the public broadly supported for American interventionism in pursuing war effort (Rosati, Hagan, and Sampson, 1994, p. 241). The Second World War II became the doorstep for the United States to rise as a global power. The opportunities that opened during the height of the war improved the conditions of the United States which was suffering from the economic se tbacks. The events of the WWII can be considered as a fortuitous incident that made the United States what it is today.

Role of Un in Peace Keeping Essay Example for Free

Role of Un in Peace Keeping EssayIn addition to maintaining public security and security, peacekeepers are increasingly charged with assisting in political processes, reforming judicial systems, training law enforcement and police forces, disarming and reintegrating former combatants, supporting the return of internally displaced persons and refugees. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the UN official languages. However, UN is facing criticism regarding corruption and abuse and some other things. Conclusion- UN has a great effect on external peace.But, there are some arguments regarding contribution of military forces from different countries. To change the world, it need to change itself too. Its better if it has its own military force. United Nations has an organization called UN earnest Council that is responsible for peacekeeping. Five members of this team are permanent members while ten are chosen every 2 years. Peacemaking was introduces at the end of cold war and has undergone immense changes. It keeps evolving to meet the political demands

Feminization Of Migration Philippine Workers Welfare Sociology Essay

feminisation Of Migration Philippine Workers Welf ar Sociology EssayIntroduction and BackgroundIn nigh places without the world, the verge migrator conjures images of men, while the phrase, unsettleds and their families introduces women and children into the picture. Yet, statistics show that half of all migrators globally are female and studies document that women are spry checkicipants in migration, both within and between countries (Boyd, 2006).Philippine migration started as early as 1900s during the clip of Ameri drive out colonial rule. The first Philippines to migrate came from Ilocos and they worked in pineapple plantations in Hawaii, agriculture in atomic number 20 and fish canneries in Washington and Alaska in 1920s. During 1960s, distinguishable category of Filipino workers migrated to America, Canada, and slightly European countries. They were the so-called professionals operative as nurses, doctors, and medical technicians.In 1970s, Filipinos were in demand in industrialized countries such as Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Kuwait, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and Malaysia. They consumeed up the travail shortages in these countries and worked as construction workers, nannies, domestic workers, nurse and entertainers. The phenomenon in Philippine labor migration started during these eld since bulky numbers of workers leave the coun attack for employment.However, in 1980s a different trend in Philippine labor migration has emerged called feminization of migration. (Explain why?) This means that more and more women participated in the area of labor migration. (Add further explanation) A lot of factors attributed to the proliferation of women migration. In the previous studies, women migration could be a resolution of poverty, globalization, and pressure from family, among others. But the most special K reason of these women who wants to find better opportunities in their chosen countries of close is poverty. To escape poverty, these women leave their work and try their luck overseas. Some of them are professionals while others are a mere mettlesome school graduates on the job(p)s mostly in the services sector. However, the basic dubiousness lies in their well-being and protection in the third verdant.Hence, this break down is involveed to identify the common issues and concerns encountered by these women and try to examine the Philippine government policy thru the plane section of delve and Employment (DOLE) to ensure the welfare and protection of these women in their chosen country of destination. If possible, this study will try to influence the DOLE policy makers by presenting sufficient information to justify the need to formulate policies specifically for women migrator workers (if there is none).Theoretical good exampleSeveral theories are presented in this section to serve well the readers understand or gain insights on the migration of Filipino women migratory workers. Below are some of the theo riesFeminist theory, according to Wikipidia (13 April 2009), aims to understand the nature of discrimination and foc drills on gender politics, power relations and sex activityuality. While generally providing a critique of friendly relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues.Based on the same source refered above, the feminist legal theory is based on the belief that the law has been instrumental womens historical subordination. The understand of feminist legal theory is twofold. pipeline, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain routes in which the law played a role in womens former rate status. Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing womens status through a reworking of the law and its approach to gender.One of the theories that best describes the outflow of Filipino women abroad is the theory on globalization. Globalization (Wikipedia, 11 April 2009) in its litera l sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a junto of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces. Globalization is often utilise to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the internationalist economy through trade, foreign direct investment, crownwork flows, migration, and the spread of technology.Another theory that explains migration is the neoclassical economic theory (Sjaastad 1962 Todaro 1969). It suggests that international migration is related to the global supply and demand for labor. Nations with scarce labor supply and high demand will have high wages that pull immigrants in from nations with a surplus of labor (family.jrank.org, 2009).The segmented labor commercialize theory (Piore 1979) argues that First World economies are structured so as to require a certain level of immigration. This theory suggests that developed economies are dualistic, they have a simple market of secure, well remunerated work and a secondary market of low wage work. Segmented labor market theory argues that immigrants are recruited to fill these jobs that are necessary for the overall economy to function but are avoided by the native-born population because of the unequal working conditions associated with the secondary labor market (family.jrank.org, 2009).World systems theory (Sassen 1988) argues that international migration is a by-product of global capitalism. Contemporary patterns of international migration tend to be from the periphery (poor nations) to the core (rich nations) because factors associated with industrial development in the First World generated structural economic problems, and thus draw factors, in the Third World (family.jrank.org, 2009).In the Todaro-Harris model, the decision to migrate is largely de termined by the individuals expectation of earning a higher(prenominal) in commence, with expected income world defined as actual urban income multiplied by the probability of obtaining employment (Ullah, 2004).Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1 presents the research paradigm of the study.Figure 1 Research DesignAs shown in the diagram, Filipino women migrant workers are also experiencing some issues and concerns in their chosen country of destination. This study will find out how these issues and concerns will affect the formulation of Philippine labor policy.Statement of the ProblemThis study deals on the Feminization of the Philippine Labor Migation as well as its implications on the countrys policy on workers welfare and protection.Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questionsWhat is the face-to-face profile of the respondents based on the followingAgeMarital StatusLevel of EducationEmployment StatusNature of EmploymentLength of catchWhat are the common issues and concerns encountered by migrant women in the receiving/destination countries?What are the roles of the government ill-temperedly the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in ensuring the well-being of the Filipino women migrant workers?What is/are the policy/ies of DOLE in dealing with the migration of women in terms ofWelfareProtectionWith reference to question 2, what are the implications of these common issues and concerns in the formulations of labor policy/ies directed to Filipino migrant women?HypothesisThe following hypotheses were considered by the researcher in the studyThe common issues and concerns encountered by migrant women in the receiving/destination countries are not world-shaking.The roles of the government particularly DOLE are minimal in ensuring the well-being of the Filipino women migrant workers.The policy/ies of DOLE in dealing with the migration of women are not significant in terms ofWelfareProtectionWith reference to question 2, the implications of these common issues and concerns are not significant in the formulations of labor policy/ies directed to Filipino migrant women.Significance of the StudySince the onset of the phenomenon called feminization of Philippine labor migration in 1980s, a number of researchers attempt to determine the factors that trigger Filipino women from leaving the country in search for a better opportunity abroad. This study will try to delve into the implications of the common issues and concerns encountered by migrant women in the destination countries to the formulation of labor policies/programs by DOLE.Further, the conduct of this study will acquaint the public on the difficulties encountered by the Filipino women migrant workers abroad. This will also serve as a guide to the Philippine government thru DOLE to formulate policies addressing specifically the issues and concerns of the women migrant workers.Scope and moulding of the StudyThis study focuses on the common issues and concerns faced by Filipino migrant women and its implications on the formulation of government policies to ensure their welfare and protection.The respondents shall be the women migrant workers employed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In 2008, KSA was the top destination country for immaturely hires Filipino migrant workers with a deployment of 76,148. Of this figure, 24,508 were female workers. To save time and money, Slovins formula shall be employed to determine the sample size of the population.Particularly, this study shall concentrate garner data in Alkhobar, KSA wherein one of the two POLOs in Saudi Arabia is located. Sets of questionnaire shall be disseminated to the respondents with the assistance of POLO-Alkhobar. The distribution of questionnaires shall be done in the POLO office wherein the respondents paid visit to request for assistance, asking for an advice and other grievances among others.The researcher shall also use interview method with the concerned government official s, non-government organizations (NGOs), private sectors and internet to facilitate the conduct of the thesis.Definition of TermsThe following are the common terms used in this study. The terms were defined according to the context of the study. Some terms were taken from the DOLE and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Glossary for MigrationCountry of OriginA country where the women workers permanently resides.Feminization of MigrationThe change magnitude participation of women in the field of labor migration. promote MigrationThe movement of persons from their home state to another for the purpose of employment.Philippine Overseas Labor Office (POLO)The POLO serves as the DOLEs overseas operating arm in the implementation of Philippine labor policies and programs for the protection and promotion of the welfare and interests of Filipinos working abroad.Push-Pull FactorsPush factors are the reasons that trigger the workers to migrate in their chosen country of destina tion whereas pull factors are the attracting forces that lead them to migrate.Receiving CountryThe chosen country of destination by the worker.CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThis chapter presented the different literature and studies conducted by different authors both local and foreign to support the concepts and theories of the phenomenon called Feminization of Labor Migration.Related LiteratureIn a study entitled, The Feminization of Philippine Migration in Europe (05 March 2009), the Philippine Migration is brought about by a combination of socio-cultural, economic, and political factors in the Philippines that push Philippine women to migrate, as well as factors in Europe that pull them to immigrate. The economic crisis in the Philippines has led to an increasing unemployment and underemployment, with practically no work avail qualified within the country.According to that same study, it was mentioned that as migrant workers, Filipinas experience a host of problems rela ted to their employment situations. Because they are women, who come from the so called Third World, they are allowed to work unaccompanied in the lowest job categories. They are particularly vulnerable to respective(a) forms of exploitative bray practices, being employed in jobs, which make use of their highly skilled and qualified ram at very low cost.The fact is women migrants are indeed grammatical case to various forms of abuse when they work overseas they are paid low wages if they are paid at all, they work in terrible working conditions, and are subject to various forms of physical, sexual and psychological violence calling for necessary interventions on the part of the state (Rodriguez, 1995).With reference to the study entitled The Feminization of Philippine Migration in Europe (05 March 2009), it was stated that the withholding of wages and documents such as passports, low pay, long working hours, the lack of opportunities for meaningful race advancement, and the lack of work benefits and job security, are only some of the problems, which Filipina migrant workers experience in the work place.Many believed labor export exposed women migrants to uncouth forms of sexual violence. Others believed that the out-migration of women was weakening the Philippines social and moral fabric and still others, believed that the out-migration of Filipinas as domestic workers and entertainers threatened the Philippine states subject status on the world stage (Rodriguez, 1995).The feminization of Philippine overseas labor migration, which had been male-dominated until the 1980s, belies the failure of womens empowerment in society. The increasing out-migration of women indicates a decline, or continuing limitation, in the share of work available to women in the production process employment opportunities re important restricted and income insufficient. The majority of female OFWs are still in tralatitious reproductive work such as domestic work and cultural e ntertainment, health care and nursing, where the pay is low and the nature of the work involves a higher exposure to physical, sexual and other abuse. This in turn underscores the international cleavage of labor, in which the Third World, or the South, does the labor-intensive and lower-paid work. It also demonstrates a persistent gendered division of labor at the global level, with the South taking on the menial aspects of reproductive work, which are thereby feminized, secondary, subservient, and inferior to the masculine, dominant North (de Guzman, 2003).The increase collar of the situation of migrant women should provide the basis for the formulation of policies and programmes that promote their equality with migrant men and that safeguard their well-being (UN, 2004).Related StudiesFor a long time, the regular migrant has been viewed as male and until 3 decades ago, female migration was generally overlooked. Since the middle of the 1970s, there has been a growing interest in womens immigration, first with the increase in family reunification, especially in Europe and from the 1980s, until today, the growing recruitment of migrant women for labour market needs especially in service (Casas and Garson, 2005).In recent years the term feminization of migration has become commonplace, even entering the public domain through media reports (INSTRAW, 2007).According to Nancy V. Yanger, in her study on the Feminization of Migration (2006), there has been a change in the international migration patterns of women more are moving from one country to another on their own than to join their husbands or other family members. This feminization of migration raises several key policy concerns about womens security and human rights in sending and destination countries.About half of all migrant workers are flat women (IOM, 2008), with more women migrating independently and as main income earners rather than accompanying male relatives (Martin, 2005).Insofar as men are incr easingly unable to fulfill their traditional roles as economic providers to their families, and the demand for female caregivers shroud to rise in the industrial countries, the pressure on women to seek new survival strategies for their families will continue to fuel the increase of female migrants worldwide (INSTRAW, 2007).The feminization of migration had also produced specifically female forms of migration, such as the commercialized migration of domestic workers and caregivers, the migration and trafficking of women for the sex industry and the organized migration of women for marriage (UNESC, 2006).Women are often recruited internationally to do reproductive work in other peoples houses or for service sector jobs such as waitressing or entertainment that are poorly and marked by high instability and turnover. Many of these jobs are unregulated because they are of borderline legality (such as sex work) or because they are not included in the scope of the destination countrys l abor laws, which primarily cover productive work. The unregulated nature of reproductive work, which allows no recourse through the legal system, places many women migrants at risk of exploitation in the form of low wages, poor working conditions, or physical or sexual abuse (Yinger, 2006).Perhaps the most notable feature of female migration is the extent to which it is founded upon the continued reproduction and exploitation of gender inequalities by global capitalism. For the most part, female labor migrants make out womens work as nannies, maids and sex workers the worst possible occupational niches in terms of remuneration, working conditions, legal protections and social recognition. In this way, gender acts as a basic organizing principle of labor markets in destination countries, reproducing and reinforcing pre-existing gender patterns that oppress women. But it is not only women who perform these jobs, but women of a particular race, class, ethnicity and/or nationality i. e. gender cross-cuts with other forms of oppression to facilitate the economic exploitation of women migrants and these relegation to a servile (maids) and/or despised (sex workers) status (INSTRAW, 2007).In the north, the growing involvement of immigrant women in paid work is mainly the result of an increase in the demand for labour in incompetent and poorly paid jobs in the service sectors in immigrant-receiving countries. Domestic service, hotels and restaurants and personal care are all sectors that have large recourse to foreign migration labour and the development of exclusively female migration flows (Sassen, 1993). Immigrant women work in those jobs that are abandoned by the receiving country nationals (Casas and Garson, 2005).INSTRAWs Columbia case study found a significant number of middle-age women whose main reason to migrate was not related to economic or family reasons (as their children are already grown up) but rather to the expectation that new relationship opportu nities are easier to come by in Spain than in Columbia, where women their age have a difficult time finding new sexual partners. twain the Columbian and the Dominican case studies found that unsatisfactory marriages factored in many womens decision to migrate, as it was easier for them to end the relationship after they had moved to another country (which contradicts the common assumption that the migration itself is the cause of the marital break-up) (INSTRAW, 2007).The studies have revealed the 2 dimensions of the role played by immigrant women in the economies of both their sending and their receiving societies an active role on the labour market, sending remittances, becoming heads of household, etc. Certain academic and political circles would see to have established a link between feminization of migration, the active role of women as economic and development agents and empowerment. It is important to note that even though immigrant women participate in the economics of their countries of origin and destination, by sending large remittances and maintaining transnational households, this role as social and economic agents does not necessarily imply an increase in their status (empowerment) (Casas and Garson, 2005).As INSTRAWs (2007) (and many other) case studies show, by allowing women to become economic providers for themselves and for their transnational families, migration can increase their self-esteem, personal autonomy and status. Migrant women often measure their achievements only in terms of the benefits they are able to provide to their families and they are praised by others in similar terms.Migration can provide a vital source of income for migrant women and their families, and earn them increase autonomy, self-confidence and social status (IOM, 2008).In a study conducted by Monica Boyd entitled Women in International Migration The Context of Exit and Entry for Empowerment and Exploitation (2006), women migrant workers who are admitted legally but temporarily, may be poorly protected by existing labor law in destination countries and they may have lesser recourse to state protection if abuse occurs.In countries of origin and also in countries of destination (IOM, 2008), female migrants may be victims of negative attitudes about women working at all, attitudes that affect their rights to leave the country without permission to receive further education or training and to engage in certain occupations. Globally, the International Labour Office (ILO) reports that the most frequently encountered issues regarding the working conditions of women migrant workers are low remuneration, heavy workloads with long working hours and inadequate rest periods, limited training facilities and poor career development. In some countries such workers also lack freedom of movement. Women migrant workers jobs are normally located very low on the occupational ladder and usually not, or only inadequately covered by labour legislation or other social security or welfare provisions (ILO, 1999).The broader theoretical approach to the analysis of networks as a factor behind migration this instant extends to the role of women in migration. A further factor that favours the increased visibility of female immigration is that migration is no longer considered to be the result of an individual decision but rather is best viewed as an integral part of family and community strategies (Stark, 1984) (Casas and Garson, 2005).Women migrate to work abroad in response to gender-specific labour demand in countries of destination that reflects existing values, norms, stereotypes and hierarchies based on gender. Thus, although laws regarding the admission of migrant workers are generally gender neutral, the demand for domestic workers, nurses, and entertainers focuses on the recruitment of migrant women. Moreover, in countries of origin as well, female labour supply is the result of gender norms and stereotypes that gear women to certain t raditionally female occupations. Recruitment intermediaries, whether private or official, also contribute to reinforce gender segregation in the labour market (UN, 2004).Women have always been present in migratory flows, traditionally as spouses, daughters, or dependents of male migrants. Nowadays women are increasingly migrating as the main economic providers for their households meaning that they migrate autonomously as breadwinners a contribution that has served to increase their visibility within migratory flows (UN-INSTRAW, 2006).The global demand for migrant labour now prioritizes womens specific skills and traditional roles, such that a) paid domestic work is increasingly performed by women who leave their own countries, communities and often their families b) domestic service draws not only women from poor socio-economic classes but also women of relatively high status in their own countries and c) the development of service-based economies in post-industrial nations favou rs the international migration of women workers. In the developed world, the combination of womens increased participation in the labour force and the failure to develop family-friendly labour policies and child, elderly, and disabled care options have lead to a strong demand for migrant women workers. Migrant women are thus a central support system for womens freedom in the developed world and they make a contribution that is under-recognized and undervalued (UN-INSTRAW, 2006).The increasing feminization of the Philippine labor export industry suggests that womens desperation to overcome the hardships brought about by worsening socioeconomic conditions in the country is the major push factor that drives them to leave, to bet on a brighter future abroad while turning almost a blind eye to the risks involved (Philippine Migrants Rights Watch, 2004).The feminization of international labor migration in the Philippines can be seen from several vantage points. For one, it can be seen a s an extension of the freedom of mobility afforded Filipino women. For another, the involvement of Filipino women in international labor migration can be seen as a response to the demand for women workers in the more developed countries. The demand for women migrant workers also came at a time when the demand for male workers was slowing down in the Middle East, which was the major destination of migrant workers in the 1970s and the early 1980s. Countries of origin such as the Philippines were poised to respond to the demand for women migrant workers given the experience they had gained with large-scale overseas employment in the 1970s (Guerrero, et. al, 2001).Although women give different reasons why they consider overseas employment as a work option, these reasons invariably boil down to economic or financial considerations. Migrant workers mention the following specific or immediate reasons to get a job, to support family needs, to send siblings and children to school, to pay for medical treatment of parents, to pay debts (Villalba, 2002).Compared to other countries of origin, the Philippines has, in fact, instituted various measures to ensure the protection of women migrant workers. Early on and several times thereafter, the government had instituted several bans on the deployment of domestic workers (1982 for Saudi Arabia, which did not push through a general ban in 1987 and the gradual lifting of the ban as better conditions obtain in the receiving countries ban for Singapore in 1995) and in the deployment of entertainers to lacquer in 1991, in the hopes of stopping the migration of women migrant workers. Bans, as our experience showed, do not work instead they only lead to irregular migrations, which puts women migrant workers in greater danger. Under the circumstances, the government instituted various approaches to protect women migrant workers (Guerrero, et. al, 2001).Republic consummation No. 8042 (POEA, 1996) popularly known as the Migrant Worker s and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 is an act instituting the policies of overseas employment and establish a higher standard of protection and promotion of the welfare of migrant workers, their families and overseas Filipinos in distress, and for the other purposes. Specifically, fragment 2, paragraph d (Declaration of Policies) stated, The State affirms the fundamental equality before the law of women and men and the significant role of women in nation-building. Recognizing the contribution of overseas migrant women workers and their particular vulnerabilities, the State shall apply gender sensitive criteria in the formulation and implementation of policies and programs affecting migrant workers and the composition of bodies tasked for the welfare of migrant workers.In addition, Section 4 (Deployment of Migrant Workers) declared, The State shall deploy overseas Filipino workers only in countries where the rights of Filipino migrant workers are protected. The government recognize s any of the following as a guarantee on the part of the receiving country for the protection and the rights of overseas Filipino workers a) it has existing labor and social laws protecting the rights of migrant workers b) it is a signatory to triangular conventions, declarations or resolutions relating to the protection of migrant workers c) it has concluded a bilateral agreement or arrangement with the government protecting the rights of overseas Filipino workers and d) it is taking positive, cover measures to protect the rights of migrant worker (POEA, 1996).Implications of the Reviewed Studies and Literature to the Present StudyThe reviewed studies and literature were presented to support or refute the theories and concept employed in the study. Further, it is one way to appreciate the reasons behind the out-migration of women since 1980s and the risks and hardships involved.CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYMethod of ResearchThe researcher shall made use of the descriptive resea rch. According to Calderon and Gonzales (1993), descriptive research is a purposive process of gathering, analyzing and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical method.Population and SamplingThe respondents in this study shall be the Filipino women migrant workers employed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as professionals and household workers among others. To determine the sample size of the population, the researcher shall employ the Slovins formula. In 2008, 24,508 women workers were deployed in KSA. Using Slovins formula, the sample size of 24,508 is 100 respondents. Alkhobar, KSA is the preferred place for the conduct of this study wherein one of the two POLOs in Saudi Arabia is located.The researcher shall made use of the Convenience Sampling in survey questionnaire in the selection of responden ts and nonrandom Sampling Technique in identifying the interviewees.Data Gathering Tool/sPrimary and secondary instruments shall be utilized to aid the researcher in gathering data/information. A questionnaire shall be constructed that details the profile of the female migrant workers as well as the common issues and concerns encountered by Filipino women migrant workers. Webster dictionary defines questionnaire as a set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from an individual. The questionnaire shall be presented in a question-answer format with suitable answers so that the respondents can easily indicate their response by placing a checkmark on the space corresponding to the answer.The researcher shall also conduct interviews on DOLE officials, non-government organizations, and Filipino women migrant workers here and abroad to solicit views necessary for the conduct of this study. Books and electronic data/information were also sourced out in th is study.Data Gathering ProceduresQuestionnaires thru the assistance of POLO-Alkhobar shall be disseminated to the respondents by June until August 2009. Interviews shall follow after the result of the survey is finalized.The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) deployment statistics shall be utilized to identify the Filipino women migrant workers deployed from 1980s to 2008. The same data shall be used to also identify the sector dominated by Filipino women mi

The Electronic Electrical Engineering Engineering Essay

The Electronic Electrical Engineering Engineering EssayElectronic electrical plan incorporated with mechanical system has a big usurpation in a variety of field, such as biomedical, subsurface vehicle, safety and security, space and etc. Before we actually start discussing the benefits and vantages that electronic and electrical engine room gives us in our everyday life, lets have some insights of the history of electronic engine room.Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from technological improvements in the telegraphindustry in the late 1800s and theradioand thetelephoneindustries in the early 1900s. People were attracted to radio by the technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and thence in transmitting. Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only amateurs in the period beforeWorld War I. The expressive stylern discipline of electronic engineering was to a large extent born away of telephone, radio, andtelevisionequipment development and the large amount of electronic systems development duringWorld War IIofradar,sonar, intercourse systems, and advanced munitions and weapon systems. In the interwar years, the subject was known asradio engineeringand it was only in the late 1950s that the termelectronic engineeringstarted to emerge.In underwater, electronic and electrical engineering is doing a paramount job in the development of underwater vehicle technology, such as submarine, remotely operated underwater vehicle, and more than significantly, automated underwater vehicle. An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is a robotic device that is driven through the water by a propulsion system, controlled and piloted by an onboard computer, and maneuverable in three dimensions. This level of control, under most environmental conditions, permits the vehicle to follow precise preprogrammed trajectories wherever and whenever required. Sensors on board the AUV sample the maritime as the AUV moves through it, providing the ab ility to make both spatial and time series measurements. Sensor data collected by an AUV is automatically geospatially and temporally compose and normally of superior quality. Multiple vehicle fall outs increase productivity, can insure adequate temporal and spatial sampling, and provide a pith of investigating the gumminess of the ocean in time and space.The fact that an AUV is normally moving does not prevent it from also serving as a Lagrangian, or quasi Eulerian, platform. This trend of operation may be achieved by programming the vehicle to stop thrusting and float passively at a specific depth or density layer in the sea, or to actively loiter near a desired location. AUVs may also be programmed to swim at a constant pressure or altitude or to vary their depth and/or heading as they move through the water, so that undulating sea see survey patterns covering both vertical and/or horizontal swaths may be formed. AUVs ar also well suited to perform long analogue transects , sea sawing through the water as they go, or traveling at a constant pressure. They also provide a highly productive means of performing seafloor surveys victimization acoustic or optical imaging systems.When compared to other Lagrangian platforms, AUVs become the tools of choice as the need for control and sensor power increases. The AUVs advantage in this area is achieved at the expense of endurance, which for an AUV is typically on the order of 8- 50 hours. virtually vehicles can vary their velocity between 0.5 and 2.5 m/s. The optimum speed and the corresponding greatest range of the vehicle occur when its hotel load (all required power except propulsion) is twice the propulsive load. For most vehicles, this occurs at a velocity near 1.5 m/s.The degree of autonomy of the robot presents an interesting dichotomy. Total autonomy does not provide the user with any feedback on the vehicles ramp up or health, nor does it provide a means of controlling or redirecting the vehicle dur ing a mission. It does, however, free the user to perform other tasks, thereby greatly trim down operational costs, as long as the vehicle and the operator meet at their duly appointed times at the end of the mission. For some missions, full(a) autonomy may be the only choice in other cases when the vehicle is performing a routine mission, it may be the preferable mode of operation. Bidirectional acoustic, radio frequency, and satellite based communications systems twirl the capability to monitor and redirect AUV missions worldwide from a ship or from land. For this reason, semi-autonomous operations offer distinct advantages over fully autonomous operations.In the outset of development of AUV, AUVs have been used for a limited number of tasks dictated by the technology available. With the development of more advanced processing capabilities and high yield power supplies, AUVs are now being used for more and more tasks with roles and missions constantly evolving. Its industrious ness covers a variety of field, such as in commercial, soldiery, research, as well as hobby. In the commercial side, the oil and flub industry employs AUVs to sketch out detailed maps of the seafloor before they start building subsea infrastructure pipelines and subsea completions can be installed in the most cost effective manner with minimum disruption to the environment. The AUV allows survey companies to conduct precise surveys or areas where traditional bathymetric surveys would be less effective or too costly. Also, post-lay pipe surveys are now possible. Whereas in the military field, AUV does play an important role as a typical military mission for an AUV is to map an area to determine if there are any mines, or to monitor a protected area (such as a harbor) for new unidentified objects. AUVs are also employed in anti-submarine warfare, to aid in the detective work of manned submarines. Apart from that, scientists use AUVs to study lakes, the ocean, and the ocean floor. A variety of sensors can be affixed to AUVs to measure the concentration of various elements or compounds, the submerging or reflection of light, and the presence of microscopic life.Sensors, the primarily oceanographic tools, AUVs carry sensors to navigate autonomously and map features of the ocean. Typical sensors used by AUV includecompasses, depth sensor, side play out and other sonar, magnetometers,thermistorsand conductivity probes.One of the most conspicuous contributions of electrical and electronic engineering incorporated with mechanical system is the navigation of AUV. AUVs can navigate utilise anunderwater acoustic positioning system. AnUnderwater Acoustic Positioning Systemis a system for the tracking and navigation of underwater vehicles or divers by means of acoustic keep and/or direction measurements, and subsequent position triangulation. Underwater Acoustic Positioning Systems are commonly used in a wide variety of underwater work, including oil and gas explorati on,ocean sciences, salvage operations,marine archeology, law enforcement and military activities.Basically, there are three broad types or classes that can be categorized in underwater acoustic positioning system. The first one is Long Baseline (LBL) SystemsLong service line systems, use a sea-floor service line transponder network. The transponders are typically mounted in the corners of the operations site. LBL systems yield very high accuracy of generally better than 1 m and sometimes as good as 0.01m along with very robust positions. This is due to the fact that the transponders are installed in the fibre frame of the work site itself (i.e. on the sea floor), the wide transponder put results in an ideal geometry for position computations, and the LBL system operates without an acoustic path to the (potentially distant) sea surface. Acoustic positioning systems measure positions relative to a framework ofbaseline stations, which must be deployed prior to operations. In the case of along baseline (LBL)system, a set of three or more baseline transponders are deployed on the sea floor. The location of the baseline transponders eitherrelative to each otheror in globalmust then be measured precisely. Some systems assist this task with an automatedacoustic self-survey, and in other casesGPSis used to establish the position of each baseline transponder as it is deployed or after deployment.When a surface reference such as a support ship is available,ultra-short baseline(USBL) orshort-baseline (SBL)positioning is used to await where the subsea vehicle is relative to the known (GPS) position of the surface craft by means of acoustic range and bearing measurements. USBL systems and the related super short baseline (SSBL) systems rely on a small (ex. 230mm across), tightly which is installed either on the side or in some cases on the bottom of a surface vessel. Unlike LBL and SBL systems, which determine position by measuring multiple distances, the USBL transducer stray is used to measure the targetdistancefrom the transducer pole by using signal run time, and the targetdirectionby measuring thephase shiftof the reply signal as seen by the individual elements of the transducer array. The combination of distance and direction fixes the position of the tracked target relative to the surface vessel. Additional sensors including GPS, a gyro or electronic compass and a vertical reference unit are then used to compensate for the changing position and orientation (pitch, roll, and bearing) of the surface vessel and its transducer pole. USBL systems offer the advantage of not requiring a sea floor transponder array. The disadvantage is that positioning accuracy and robustness is not as good as for LBL systems. The reason is that the fixed angle resolved by a USBL system translates to a big position error at greater distance. Also, the multiple sensors needed for the USBL transducer pole position and orientation compensation each face additional e rrors. Finally, the non-uniformity of the underwater acoustic environment cause signal refractions and reflections that have a greater impact on USBL positioning than is the case for the LBL geometry integrated transducer array that is typically mounted on the bottom end of a strong, rigid transducer pole.In the other hand short baseline systems use a baseline consisting of three or more individual sonar transducers that are connected by wire to a central control box. Accuracy depends on transducer spacing and mounting method. When a wider spacing is employed as when working from a large working barge or when operating from a dock or other fixed platform, the performance can be similar to LBL systems. When operating from a small boat where transducer spacing is tight, accuracy is reduced. Like USBL systems, SBL systems are often mounted on boats and ships, but specialized modes of deployment are common too. For example, theWoods Hole Oceanographic Institutionuses a SBL system to po sition theJasondeep-ocean ROV relative to its associated MEDEA depressor load with a reported accuracy of 9cm. Besides, GPS Intelligent Buoys (GIB) is also employed in AUV navigation the systems are inverted LBL devices where the transducers are replaced by floating buoys, self-positioned by GPS. The tracked position is calculated in real time at the surface from the Time-Of-Arrival (TOAs) of the acoustic signals sent by the underwater device, and acquired by the buoys. Such grade allows fast, calibration-free deployment with accuracy similar to LBL systems. At the opposite of LBL, SBL or USBL systems, GIB systems use one-way acoustic signals from the emitter to the buoys, making it less sensible to surface or contend reflections. GIB systems are used to track AUVs, torpedoes, or divers, may be used to localize airplanes black-boxes, and may be used to determine the impact coordinates of lazy or live weapons for weapon testing and training purposes.In recent years, several trend s in underwater acoustic positioning have emerged. One is the insertion of compound systems such the combination of LBL and USBL in a so-called LUSBL configuration to enhance performance. These systems are generally used in the offshore oil gas sector and other high-end applications. Another trend is the introduction of compact, task optimized systems for a variety of specialized purposes. For example the California Department of Fish and Game outfit a system, which continually measures the opening area and geometry of a fish sampling net during a trawl. That information helps the department improve the accuracy of their fish occupation assessments in theSacramento River Delta.Hundreds of different AUVs have been designed over the past 50 or so years, but only a few companies remove vehicles in any significant numbers. Vehicles range in size from man portable lightweight AUVs to large diameter vehicles of over 10 meters length. Once universal amongst the military and commercial sectors, the smaller vehicles are now losing popularity. It has been widely accepted by commercial organizations that to achieve the ranges and endurances required to optimize the efficiencies of operating AUVs a larger vehicle is required. However, smaller, lightweight and less expensive AUVs are still common as a budget option for universities.Some manufacturers have benefited from domestic government activity sponsorship including Bluefin and Kongsberg. The trade is effectively split into three areas scientific (including universities and research agencies), commercial offshore (oil and gas etc.) and military application (mine countermeasures, battle space preparation). The bulk of these roles utilizes a similar design and operates in a cruise mode. They collect data while following a preplanned route at speeds between 1 and 4 knots. Commercially available AUVs include various designs such as the small REMUS 100 AUV developed byWood Holes Oceanographic Institution in the US. M ost AUVs follow the traditional torpedo shape as this is seen as the best compromise between size, usable volume, hydrodynamic efficiency and ease of handling. There are some vehicles that make use of a modular design, enabling components to be changed easily by the operators.The market is evolving and designs are now following commercial requirements alternatively than being purely developmental. The next stage is likely to be a hybrid AUV/ROV that is capable of surveys and light intervention tasks. This requires more control and the ability to hover. Again, the market will be driven by financial requirements and the aim to save money and expensive ship time. Today, while most AUVs are capable of unsupervised missions most operators remain within range of acoustic telemetry systems in order to maintain a close watch on their investment. This is not always possible. For example, Canada has of late taken delivery of two AUVs (ISE Explorers) to survey the sea floor underneath the Ar ctic ice in support of their claim under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Also, ultra-low-power, long-range variants such asunderwater glidersare becoming capable of operating unattended for weeks or months in litoral and open ocean areas, periodically relaying data by satellite to shore, before returning to be picked up.

The Matrix Analysis Essay

The Matrix Analysis Es thinkThis report is based on Matrix movie. The Matrix movie is a science fiction-action film which was released in America on March 31, 1999. This film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski.it is the freshman part of Matrix series, not even movie also the part of comic book, video games and animation. The meaning of matrix is a rectangular array of matrix.In this movie its shows there is two different lives, one is computer generated human dream world and another is real, but completely human living in dream word which is programed and none of them ac do itledge. In this movie neo is a hero and he is a computer programmer and he drawn into a rebellion against the machines. But first he wanted to know what is matrix. Morpheus is main character of this movie and he spends much time on matrix to find, and he also help other to find it. He is the caption of their team in their spaceship which they called Nebuchadnezzar. They always go to dream world and come nates with hacked telephone line it is only the safe exit from the matrix. In other side in dream world a group of Agent which is cognize as swat team. They want to kill the entire human, so they want to catch the Morpheus. Beca design he is the only person who knows all the matrix code to go back to their ship throw phone. When they catch the Morpheus then Neo come and save him from him.DiscussionThere be few issue and theories which are employ on them are following.Media Ecology - The effect of media on human being throw the perception touch sensation, understanding etc. and its change our mentation feeling and behaving system. important source of media are TV, film, radio, mobile, books.Issues raised in the movies are-Movie seen In this movie when Agent behind the Trinity to kill, then she ask for help from armoured combat vehicle by her cell phone then Tank call on a local STD, when she picked up the phone then she r each(prenominal)ed at their real world from dream world (Programmed world) in form of matrix.Answer -Matrix movie is fully based on media ecology. In this movie telephone is used as in the form of media ecology. They used it to communicate and to move from move real to realistic or virtual to real word. Telephone decreased the way difference among both lives and makes it a global village. Virtual word is the hot media in this movie because it programed world and caring huge amount of data and telephone is frigidness media.In this movie they are using number computer screens to read the matrix.Script from movie -as exampleThe ship is quiet and dark. Everyone is asleepIN primary(prenominal) DECKThe core glows with monitor light. Cypher is in theOperators chair as Neo cones up behind him.CYPHERWhoa Shit, Neo, you scared me.NEOSorry.CYPHERMidnight watches.Neos eye light up as he steps closer to the screensThat seems alive with a constant flow of data.NEOIt is The Matrix?CYPHERYeah.it is The Matrix.Answer In this script you c an read that neo talking about computer screens to read the information, computer show some data to which have their own harbor which is called matrix. Computer becomes a medium for cypher in this example and data become its information and in other words these tools make more multiplication for them.Cognitive dissonance - The uncomfortable feeling which is caused by double minded situation, and hard to decided which the person already done is good or not.When Neo become a part of their team they he assume meeting to team members. When he meets the cypher, then cypher say Cypher I know you thinking same but I am thinking.Neo what I am thinking?Cypher why I not choose the glowering pill, I want to go back in dream world and I am tired from this life ruled fully life. But Morpheus say it our real word.Answer This theory is easily applied on Cypher, because first he decided to come in this world but now he wants to go back in virtual (programmed) world. He is double minded and feeling uncomfortable. In this line you can easy understand his feeling, action, behaviour and beliefs are out of harmony and other cause of this is his belief or exception is more than what he got, which is the main reason he feeling uncomfortable and thinking he choose wrong decision and choose red pill. kindly penetration theory It is also known as onion theory, it means it is referred in terms of breath and depth and every story is show the human behaviour according to its breadth and depth. For example, how we are close to a person, its decrease the layer of personal information of that person for us.Answer This theory is applied on the relationship of Neo and trinity. First Trinity and Neo was not known to each other closely, it is same comparable a Onion based example , when she start known about Neo and start come closer, then the interpersonal layers in start decreasing for Trinity and then she feel that he is the one and fall in love with Neo. Here is the script of mov ie which shows feeling of trinity about Neo.TRINITYNeo, I have to tell you something. I dont know what it means or evenIf it matters but I feel I have to say it.Ive never told anyone this before. I think Ive been afraid to.When I went to the Oracle, she told me she told me that I would meetA man. And that I would fall inLoveSocial individuality At the end part of movie when there is a fighting in the midst of Neo and agents. Agents catch the neo and kill him by artillery unit but after some time Neo open his eyes and stand up and start fighting again and when again Agents try to stream him then Neo stop all the bullets in air.Answer In this part of movie when he was killed, at that movement he was fighting like a normal human and was not who he is. But when he starts thinking about the difference between real human and programmed created world and start compare agents and him. He finds his complaisant identity. His social identity is he is the one in movie who can control his mind the see the difference between real and programed world.ConclusionThis movie is a science based fiction-Action movie and media ecology is big part of this movie. Telephone and computer screen are both are the medium of source of information. They contact to each other through the cell phone and they travel on both worlds with telephone exception and all the information they got like position, way to go out from building are they got from computer screen in the form of matrix. So these are the tool of they use which are based on media ecology.Cypher is a character of this movie who feel uncomfortable because he want to go back in virtual world and thinking he choose wrong option so Cognitive dissonance theory is full applied on Cypher.According to social penetration theory human are like the onion, they have layers one after one as breadth and depth. It is same like how much you know a person, layer are start decreases and person start to come close to you same like the charact er of movie Trinity and Neo.Social identity is also applied on Neo in this movie because he finds his own personality, who he is and he got the difference between his and agents.ReferencingGriffin, E. (2006). A first carry at communication theory (6th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.

Comparison of an Evil mastermind in Shakespeare’s Othello and MacDonald

Iago is one of the most renowned villains of pre-modern literature, as first introduced in Shakespeares Othello. His deceiving personality and complex nature is painted such that readers are amazed by his ingenious schemes. At the beginning of Shakespeares Othello, Iago is represented as trustworthy and honest, but readers soon realize that he is the opposite of what he seems. Even though Iagos personality and thoughts are revealed less in MacDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), he carries on the same immoral legacy as in Othello. Throughout the plays, he turns his friends against one another who look to him for guidance and support. Iago thirsts to put forward this status in society which causes him to take advantage of peoples good-nature and even comes to an extreme of killing anyone who stands between him and his schemes. In Shakespeares Othello and McDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), Iago manipulates and deceives both Othello and Desdemona by his language and personality, which leads to different results. The personalities of Othello and Desdemona have been portrayed differently throughout the two plays and are susceptible to the mind games of Iago. In Shakespeares Othello, Othello is a character with sense that has a genuine personality. He is seen as being too trustworthy and continuously tries to look for the good in people. Despite his honoured reputation in the advance and status as a general, he is ridiculed by his society because of his dark completion. Othello recognizes himself as an outsider and at times is extremely self-conscientious. His quality to be judgmental towards himself and his reputation in the eyes of others makes him a target for Iago. Were I the Moor, I would not b... ...espeares Othello. The actions of Othello and Desdemona within the two plays are directed by Iago. He uses his reputation and finds flaws within the personality of others for his own benefit. Within Shakespeares Othello and MacDona lds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), Iago misleads Othello and Desdemona which leads to two different outcomes.Works CitedMacDonald, Ann-Marie. Goodnight Desdemona (good Morning Juliet). New York Grove, 1998. PrintShakespeare, William, and David M. Bevington. Othello. Toronto Bantam, 1988. Print.Philip, McGuire C. Othello as an analyze of Reason Shakespeare Quarterly 24.2 (1973) 198-209. Print.Laura, Snyder. Constance Ledbellys Birthday Construction of the Feminist Archetype of the Self in Ann-Marie MacDonalds Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet). Text & Presentation 2005 (2005) 43-55. Print.

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace -- Internet Web Cyberspace Essays

Freedom of Speech in CyberspaceSince the public has logged onto the internet there has been vast amounts of instruction available. Since the 1990s more than and more countries have entered into the cultivation age. Due to the lack of freedom of speech in several countries, censorship has now taken on a dominant role in the suppression of information. Many countries view a great deal of information as a threat if put into the wrong hand and as a consequence attempt to reduce its availability. However, unlike many of its other counterparts, the United States takes a very liberal stance towards the access if information on the Internet, which is protected by the First Amendament. In contrast to this philosophy, the Saudi Arabian government, in an act to suppress and censor the prevalence of the information on the internet, has established laws and regulations that prohibit public access to the internet for religious and social reasons.The United States has had internet access fo r over a decade now and information and usage has flourished. The technology development over the last five years has promoted internet access across the country with internet access in homes and businesses change magnitude exponentially. With any ISP a person decides to use there is no censorship or filtration system which limits their access to any part of the internet. ISPs and multiple companies offer software which helps restrict childrens access to pornographic sites or sites that parents deem harmful to their children, but the companies to explicitly filter the content that is received at a personal computer. There have been laws that have been revoked by the Supreme Court or regional courts which have tried to regulate or filter Internet accessi... ...4/22/2004)iv McCarthy, Martha. (2003). Internet Censorship United States v. American Library Association. (4/22/2004)v Committee to harbor Journalists. (2003) Attacks on the Press 2003 Mideast (4/22/2004)vi Human Rights Wa tch. (1999) The Internet In the Mideast And northerly Africa Country Profiles-Saudi Arabia (4/22/2004)vii Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin. (2002) . Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia. (4/22/2004)viii Human Rights Watch. (1999) The Internet In the Mideast And North Africa Country Profiles-Saudi Arabia (4/22/2004)ix Committee to Protect Journalists. (2003) Attacks on the Press 2003 Mideast (4/22/2004)x Committee to Protect Journalists. (2003) Attacks on the Press 2003 Mideast (4/22/2004)xi Jehl, Douglas. (1999). The Internets Open Sesame Is Answered Warily. (4/22/2004)